听力原文： American names are written and spoken with tile given name first real the family name last. So John Smith's family name is Smith, not John. In a formal setting, address men as 'Mister', married women as 'Misses', mad unmarried women as 'Miss'. These days many women prefer to be addressed using the abbreviations 'Ms. ', pronounced 'miz'. If the person has an M.D. or Ph.D., they will often be addressed as 'Doctor'. Faculty are addressed as 'Professor'. In an informal situation, Americans will introduce each other by their first name, without titles, and occasionally by just their last name. If you are introduced to somebody by their first name, you can address him or her by their first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an important position, such as the university president. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressed using their title and last name. When in doubt, use tile formal manner of address, since it is better to make mistakes on the side of formality. It is always appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Children should always address adults in the formal fashion, using their rifle and last name. (23)