在观察课例前,请思考下列问题:在以下语言活动(改编自 Willis 1981: 104 )中,有些活动教师对学生使用的语言形式的控制更多(more controlled ),有些活动教师的控制更少一些,学生有更多选择语言形式的自由( freer or less controlled),有些活动学生可自由使用语言( free use of language )。请阅读并思考下列问题: 1)讨论以下活动关注的焦点并用 F (语言形式)、 F & M (语言形式和意义)或 F, M & U (语言形式、意义和使用)做上标记。 2)每个活动可分别用于教学的哪个阶段? 3)哪些活动可以作为 “ 写 ” 的准备活动? 4)在教学中使用这些活动时,教师应如学生清楚地解释活动步骤? 1 替换操练表格( Substitution table ) Fred He Jane She has ‘s got big small new nice ball. balloon. toy car. bicycle. 2 辨别练习( Discrimination exercise ) Listen and answer either ‘Yes I do’ or ‘Yes please’ as appropriate. Do you like apples? Would you like an apple? Would you like a biscuit? Do you like biscuits? Do you like coffee? Would you like some? 3 替换操练( Substitution drill ) ‘Tom goes to school every day’ – yesterday – shopping – Mrs. Smith – to town etc. 4 对话操练( Conversation drill ) You are B; tell A what he/she needs. A. Oh dear, it’s raining. B. You ... A. The baby’s thirsty. B. She ... A. He’s very cold. B. He ... 5 使用提示图片( Using picture cues )(可使用以下任一方式) (a) Make true statements comparing the things in the picture s ( bicycle, car, radio, TV, guitar, piano, boat, plane, etc. ) , e.g., Cars are more expensive than bicycles. (b) Say which you would rather have as a present, tell your neighbor why. (c) Describe one of the objects to your neighbor (without naming it), until he/she can guess which it is. 6 使用提示卡片( with cue cards )的猜测游戏( Guessing games ) Teacher or student picks a card and the others must guess which it is by asking questions based on a model given. For example: (to practice the simple past) T: ‘Guess what I did at six o’clock last night.’ S: Did you visit your sister? T: No, I didn’t. S: Did you go to the cinema? etc. 7 想象的情景( Imaginary situations ) Your friend’s parents have gone away for a few days, leaving your friend in charge of the house and family. You check that your friend has remembered to do everything (sweep the yard, tidy up, do the shopping, water the flowers). You ask questions like,’ Have you swept the yard?’ 8 问卷调查(Questionnaire) Student A: Use the questionnaire below to interview your partner. Take notes on the lines. Student B: Close your book. Listen to your partner’s questions and try to answer them according to your own situation. Questionnaire: How long have you been learning English? When did you begin? Where did you begin learning English? Have your taken any English examinations? Do you speak English outside the class? Are you satisfied with your English? What are the biggest problems in your English learning? Do you use a dictionary? If yes, what kind? Do you enjoy learning English? If so, why? If not, why not?