【多选题】How did chemiosmotic processes evolve in stages?
A.
The first stage might have involved the evolution of an ATPase (pump) that pumped protons out of the cell using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. Such a proton pump could have been the ancestor of present-day ATP synthases.
B.
Stage 2 could have involved the evolution of a different proton pump, driven by an electron-transport chain. Indeed, some present-day bacteria that grow on formic acid use the small amount of redox energy derived from the transfer of electrons from formic acid to fumarate to pump H + .
C.
Stage 3 could then link these two systems together to generate an ATP synthase that uses the protons pumped by the electron-transport chain to synthesize ATP.
D.
An early cell with this final system would have had a large selective advantage over cells with neither of the systems or only one.
【简答题】Beijing had its biggest snowfall since 1951. Britain is suffering through its longest cold snap (寒潮) since 1981. And freezing weather is hitting the Deep South, including Florida’s orange groves and b...