A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid ) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting wasintroduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except redblood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as todetermine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it isin the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful andcontroversial uses. DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminalinvestigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt, not justestablish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from asuspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs orblood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used asevidence to convict a suspect. The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by populationgeneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartlcalled into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNAfingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current methodcannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because theycame from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who aremembers of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNApatterns methods are adequate. In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University ofTexas in Dallas and Kenneth K.Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued thatenough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used areadequate. In January 1998, however, the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories thatconduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form variousethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a NationalAcademy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testinglaboratories. 1.Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects____. A.would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations B.would have to submit evidence for their innocence C.could easily escape conviction of guilt D.cold be convicted of guilt as well 2.DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when ____. A.the methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurate B.two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprintingpattern C.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals D.two different individuals leave two DNA samples. 3.To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method ____. A.is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never comefrom two individuals B.is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNApattern. C.Is not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics D.Is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying 4.The attitude of the Federal Bereau of Investigation shows that ____. A.enough data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood oftwo DNA samples coming from two individual members B.enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples form thesame person can match C.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihoodof two different DNA samples coming form the same person D.additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that twoDNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person 5.National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that ____. A.DNA testing should be systematized B.Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing C.The academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing D.The academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing