By the early 1950s, some business people began to recognize that efficient production and extensive promotion did not guarantee that customers would buy products. These businesses, and many others, found that they must first determine what customers want and then produce it, rather than make products and try to change customers needs to fit what is expected. As more organizations realized the importance of knowing customers needs, U. S. businesses entered the marketing era, one of market or customer orientations(取向, 方向). Orientation toward customer satisfaction has resulted in increased concern about ethics and social responsibility and brought about an expansion into global markets. Management at many organizations has realized that we are in the 'Total Quality Era', in which improved product quality, and customer focus are major components of successful domestic and global operations. Because the marketing concept affects many parts of a businesss operations, and not just marketing, an organizations top management must adopt it wholeheartedly. High-level executives must incorporate the market orientation into their management philosophies so completely that customers become the organizations most important concern. Managements second major task is to restructure the organization. To satisfy customers objectives as well as its own, a company must coordinate all activities. To achieve this, the internal operations and overall objectives of one or more departments may need restructuring. If the head of the marketing unit is not a member of the organizations top-level management, he or she should be. Some departments may have to be abolished and new ones created. Implementing(实施， 执行)the marketing concept demands the support not only of top management, but also of managers and staff at all levels. The transformation to an organization with a market orientation takes time. In the short run, a firm may experience the need to retain employees, financial constraints, limits on technology, capital equipment limitations, and prohibitive union work rules. Even when an information system is established and the company reorganized, the firms new marketing approach may not work perfectly. First, a firms ability to satisfy customers needs for a particular product is limited. In a mass production economy, most business organizations cannot tailor products to fit the exact needs of each customer. Second, a company may be unable to learn what customers want, and when it does correctly identify customers needs, it often has a hard time developing a product that satisfies those needs. Third, by striving to satisfy one segment(部分，部门)of society, a firm sometimes dissatisfies other segments. Producers of tobacco currently face this situation. Fourth, a company may have trouble maintaining employee morale during any restructuring to coordinate the activities of various departments. By the early 1950s, business people began to realize______.