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Succulent plants such as cactus and pineapple, which are native to very hot, very dry environments, have another variation on photosynthetic CO 2 fixation, which reduces loss of water vapor through the pores (stomata) by which CO 2 and O 2 must enter leaf tissue.

Instead of separating the initial trapping of CO 2 and its fixation by rubisco across space (as do the C 4 plants), they separate these two events over time. At night, when the air is cooler and moister, the stomata open to allow entry of CO 2 , which is then fixed into oxaloacetate by PEP carboxylase. The oxaloacetate is reduced to malate and stored in the vacuoles, to protect cytosolic and plastid enzymes from the low pH produced by malic acid dissociation.

During the day the stomata close, preventing the water loss that would result from high daytime temperatures, and the CO 2 trapped overnight in malate is released as CO 2 by the NADP-linked malic enzyme. This CO 2 is now assimilated by the action of rubisco and the Calvin cycle enzymes.

Because this method of CO 2 fixation was first discovered in stonecrops, perennial flowering plants of the family Crassulaceae, it is called crassulacean acid metabolism, and the plants are called CAM plants.

邓小平理论

毛泽东思想

三个代表重要思想

科学发展观

习近平新时代中国特色思想

正确

错误

非公有制经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分

增加规定国家建立健全同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障制度

在土地制度方面，增加了征收、征用并给予补偿的内容

确立“邓小平理论”的指导地位

．关于社会主义发展动力的理论

关于社会主义建设外部条件的理论

．关于社会主义建设政治保证的理论

关于新民主主义革命的理论