Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Exploring the Deep Frontier A) Underwater technology had always lagged behind terrestrial ( 陆地的 ) — and, more recently, space — technology. Attempts to dive deep or to stay underwater began long ago, but in man’s efforts to imitate fish two very tough problems have always troubled designers of equipment: providing a supply of breathable air — or a suitable artificial mixture of gases — and protecting a diver from the immense pressure created by the weight of the water above him. B) Attempts to dive deep or to remain submerged for extended periods have not always proceeded smoothly and a number of them have resulted in deaths and serious injuries. But in the early 1960s Jacques-Yves Cousteau supervised the creation of a couple of successful underwater habitats, in which people could live for weeks at a time, and from which divers could explore the surrounding waters and return at will. Other similar experiments followed, and in 1968 the Smithsonian Institution sponsored its Man-in-Sea Project, which was a follow-up of earlier Man-in-Sea Projects, pioneered by Edwin A. Link, the inventor of a widely used flight simulator. C) The 1968 Man-in-Sea Project involved several types of underwater vehicles and living units, and it also exposed participants to extended periods of saturation diving ( 饱和潜水法 ), which was then fairly new. In saturation diving, a person is exposed to pressure for a period long enough, or at a depth great enough, so that the person’s system begins to absorb excess nitrogen ( 氮气 ) from the gas he or she breathes. After about twenty-four hours, a human being’s blood will have absorbed all the nitrogen it can, and it will be considered saturated. A diver can live under these conditions for extended periods, but on coming back up special precautions must be taken to prevent decompression ( 减压 ) sickness which can seriously damage the diver’s body. On returning to the surface after long periods of submersion, a diver may have to spend a week or more inside a decompression chamber. D) In February, 1968, a team of scientists in the Bahamas descended in a vehicle called Deep Diver, which Link had designed and which was the first modern submersible with a lockout chamber, permitting divers to leave and return to the vehicle underwater. E) In the winter of 1969, a project called Tektite — sponsored jointly by the Navy, the Department of the Interior, and NASA — had got under way off St. John, in the United States Virgin Islands. The project involved successive teams of scientists living in an underwater habitat fifty feet down. Tektite was named after a glassy meteorite ( 玻质陨石 ) that is often found on the ocean floor, and one of its goals was to study people’s ability to live and work underwater for weeks at a stretch. F) Tektite II’s Mission took place in the summer of 1970. A special women’s team swam down to enter a habitat resting on the seafloor near a coral reef. The team was led by Dr. Sylvia A. Earle, a marine biologist, who is perhaps the world’s best-known woman marine scientist. G) From the outside, the habitat had a ghostly, forbidding look. It consisted of a foundation and two solid, tank-like towers that were joined by a small passage near the top. One of the tanks contained a lockout hatch and support equipment, and the other contained living quarters. For two weeks, Sylvia and her fellow-explorers swam from their habitat into the surrounding waters, made observations, and took photographs, spending so much time with a variety of marine life native to the area that they came to recognize an individual animal not merely as an eel, say, but “that eel which lives under that rock.” H) Sometimes the divers wore scuba( 水肺 ) tanks and sometimes rebreathers( 循环呼吸器 ), which are backpacks by means of which a person’s breath is “scrubbed” — the carbon dioxide is removed — and recirculated, so that the same air can be used for extended periods. One advantage of rebreathers is that they do not give off bubbles, which can startle marine life. I) In September, 1979, a project of the deepest dive made without a cable to the surface was launched in Hawaii. Dr. Sylvia participated in it and she used a diving system called Jim — often referred to as a Jim suit. A Jim suit is a descendant of the extremely heavy metal diving suits that were used as early as the 1920s to lower a person, via a cable, a few hundred feet. A diver named Jim Jarratt was the first to wear one of those suits, the Iron Man (he used it in 1935 to find the sunken Lusitania at a depth of three hundred and thirty feet, off the coast of Ireland), and today’s Jim suits — there are now thirteen of them — are named for him. J) The pressurized Jim suit that Sylvia wore looked something like an astronaut’s space suit, and with good reason, since the purpose of the suit is to maintain a normal atmosphere inside while sealing out a hostile environment. Sylvia’s Jim suit was made of plastics and magnesium alloy ( 镁合金 ). Inside Jim, Sylvia had some room to shift around — for instance, she could pull her arms out of the suit’s arms in order to write in her notebook. Walking in the suit was difficult and very slow, but after some practice, Sylvia says, she became adept at it. K) Sylvia said, “As I stepped from the platform, I was aware that I was venturing onto a land in some ways comparable to the surface of the moon. Not only do the slopes and rough ground of the deep seafloor resemble the surface of the moon, but they also are equally unexplored. The exploration caused me to think very hard about how I could convey something about the animals and plants in the ocean — the system which actually dominates our planet, and which had come to mean so much to me — to millions of people, some of whom had never seen a fish in its natural habitat. So much of that system has yet to be explored.” ____ 1. A couple of underwater habitats were successfully made in the early 1960s. ____ 2. Bubbles produced by a diver’s breathing can frighten away marine life. ____ 3. With her exploration, Sylvia wanted to convey something about the unexplored ocean. ____ 4. One of the biggest challenges for designers of diving equipment is how to supply divers with breathable air. ____ 5. The submersible designed by Edwin A. Link allows divers to get in and out of the vehicle underwater. ____ 6. The Jim suit can protect the wearer from a hostile environment. ____ 7. After being exposed to the deep sea pressure for a long period of time, a diver should take special measures to prevent his body from being hurt by the reduction of pressure. ____ 8. In the Tektite II project, the women’s team explored the deep sea for two weeks. ____ 9. Compared with space exploration, the technological development of ocean exploration still has a long way to go. ____ 10. The diving suits used in the early 20th century were very heavy.