Lesson one Extended study Reading comprehension 3 Technique Standards and Rules of ICAO The technique standard of ICAO means international standard and measure of proposing. It is usually called “Annex” as brief name. The annex usually makes up from define, standard, proposing measure, stipulating ( 规定 ), form, figure and appendix, etc. Standard refers to any norm of physical characteristic, topography ( 地形 ), material, performance, personnel or procedure, and it is considered to be essential one to the international flight safety or normal, contracting party should obey with them according to the convention. When it is unable to accord with standard, it must notify the council according to the stipulations of article 38 of convention. Measure of proposing also refers to any norm of physical characteristic, topography, material, performance, personnel or procedure, and it is considered to be beneficial one to the international flight safety or normal, contracting party may make efforts to accord with it. Implementation of ICAO rules is “ voluntary ”( 自愿的 ); however, when a member state joins ICAO, it agrees to support ICAO worldwide. To be ousted ( 驱逐 ) from ICAO means air commerce to that country would likely stop, which would be a powerful blow. With only minor exceptions, all members comply with the rules. Domestic rules are gradually being modified to conform to international (ICAO) standards. There are exceptions, but they are minor in nature and are published. The rules pertaining to Aeronautics are published as “Annexes” to the basic ICAO document. The annexes are organized as follows:Annex 1 Personnel Licensing ; Annex 2 Rules of the Air ; Annex 3 Meteorology Service for International Air Navigation ; Annex 4 Aeronautical Charts ; Annex 5 Units of Measurement, Air-Ground Communications ; Annex 6 Operations of Aircraft ; Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Markings ; Annex 8 Airworthiness ; Annex 9 Facilitation (the efficient movement of air traffic between countries) ; Annex 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications ; Annex 11 Air Traffic Services ; Annex 12 Searches and Rescue ; Annex 13 Aircraft Accident Investigation ; Annex 14 Aerodromes ; Annex 15 Aeronautical Information ; Annex 16 Aircraft Noise ; Annex 17 Security ; Annex 18 Hazardous Cargos. No.1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15 and17 are particularly important to flying. The navigation service procedures (PANS), manuals, guides have more concrete detail but have no effectiveness compared with the convention and annex, it become with technological detail and good operation reference of international civil aviation. Two navigation service procedures are especially important to us. The first PANS is DOC4444, named “Flight Rule and Air Traffic Service”, it is the supplement of Annex 2 and Annex 11. The second PANS is DOC8168, named “Design of Visual Flight Procedure and Instrument Flight Procedure”, it is the supplement of Annex 6. (440 words)