Retailers have extended their influence into logistics management. A lot of concepts are becoming increasing important, such as integrated distribution, just-in-time (JIT) distribution, electronic data interchange (EDI), quick response (QR) and efficient consumer response (ECR), reflecting the scope and power of the retailers and the drive to service and integration. Nowadays, the old inefficient , manufacturer-led and supplier-led practices have been swept away by the modern, technological rich, ________ and customer-focused ways of ensuring product availability.