On the origins of racism 1_____ over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term. Many mix recent forms of racism with earlier forms of 2_____ and national conflict. In most cases ethno-national conflict seems to 3_____ to conflict over land and strategic 4_____. In some cases ethnicity and nationalism were harnessed to wars between great religious empires (for example, the Muslim Turks and the Catholic Austro-Hungarians). As Benedict Anderson has suggested ethnic 5______ and ethno-nationalism became a source of conflict within such empires with the 6______ of print-capitalism. In its modern form, racism evolved in with European 7______ and 8______ of much of the rest of the world, and especially after Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. As new peoples were 9______, fought, and 10______ subdued, theories about “race” began to develop, and these helped many to 11______ the differences in 12______ and treatment of people whom they categorized as 13______ to different races. Another possible14_____ of racism is the misunderstanding of Charles Darwin’s theories of 15_____. Some took Darwin’s theories to imply that since some “races” were more 16_____, there must be a biological #17_____ for the difference. At the same time they 18_____ to biological theories of moral and intellectual traits to justify racial 19______. There is a great deal of 20______about race and intelligence, in part because the concepts of both race and IQ are themselves controversial.