Two research practices have held back the development of an adequate factual base for population ethics.

One practice begins with conclusions & then selects only those facts consistent with them. Analysts claiming that rapid population growth has had negative consequences for economic development often cite facts supporting that conclusion & leave out contrary evidence. Those claiming benefits from rapid population growth do the same.

The second practice involves assigning more or less weight to population conditions than objective research would support. Some advocates of fertility control claim that rapid population growth has caused starvation & political instability in the developing countries. Such simple interpretations overlook the many other influences leading to those conditions, such as the lack of food in poor countries, corruption among political leaders, & ethnic conflicts.

Both methods cannot provide solid explanations for major problems in for population ethics.

Typical topics in population ethics include reproductive rights, fertility control, family planning, population policies, population growth, abortion, human migration, refugees, etc.

Moral principles come from religious & cultural traditions, philosophy, declarations of human rights, & other sources. Factual information derives from careful analysis of what is happening or has happened in a given place or situation.

Population ethics has two main foundations: moral principles & factual information. Population ethics involves the ethical study of population policies & issues & application of moral principles to what are often complex situations.

Its greatest challenges are to select principles that are broadly applicable to population issues, & to explore their implications with an adequate factual understanding of the circumstances involved.

正确

错误

def

class

object

__init__

正确

错误

法官审理行政案件，如发现地方性法规与国家法律相抵触，可以对地方性法规的合宪性和合法性进行审查

法官审理行政案件，如发现地方性法规与国家法律相抵触，应当适用国家法律进行审判

法官审理行政案件，如发现地方性法规与国家法律相抵触，可以通过所在法院报请最高人民法院，由最高人民法院依法向全国人民代表大会常务委员会书面提出进行审查的要求

法官审理行政案件，如发现地方性法规与国家法律相抵触，可以公民的名义向全国人民代表大会常务委员会书面提出进行审查的建议

正确

错误

def

class

object

__init__

感觉控制型机器人

操作型机器人

程控型机器人

示教再现型机器人

def

class

object

__int__