【多选题】How is the protein synthesis initiated in eukaryotes?
A.
In eukaryotes, an initiator tRNA, charged with methionine, is first loaded into the P site of the small ribosomal subunit, along with additional proteins called translation initiation factors.
B.
The initiator tRNA is distinct from the tRNA that normally carries methionine. Of all the tRNAs in the cell, only a charged initiator tRNA molecule is capable of binding tightly to the P site in the absence of the large ribosomal subunit.
C.
Next, the small ribosomal subunit loaded with the initiator tRNA binds to the 5ʹ end of an mRNA molecule, which is marked by the 5ʹ cap that is present on all eukaryotic mRNAs. The small ribosomal subunit then scans the mRNA, in the 5ʹ-to-3ʹ direction, until it encounters the first AUG.
D.
When this AUG is recognized by the initiator tRNA, several of the initiation factors dissociate from the small ribosomal subunit to make way for the large ribosomal subunit to bind and complete ribosomal assembly. Because the initiator tRNA is bound to the P site, protein synthesis is ready to begin with the addition of the next charged tRNA to the A site.