A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electro-chemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work. After observing the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, 'It's a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?' 'I don't know,' replied Faraday, 'but I do know that 100 years from now you'll be taxing them. ' From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4, 000 years ago to the workings of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms ... to Hannibal's remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B．C．with 90, 000 foot soldiers, 12, 000 horsemen and a 'conveyor belt' of 40 elephants ... or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality. These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, division of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes, among them John Kay's Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Crompton's Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwright's Power Loom in 1785． The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that______.