Translation Assignment (1) In China, Who Is An Expat And Who Is An Immigrant? By Johan Nylander People from all over the world continue to flood into China’s big cities like Hong Kong, Beijing and Shanghai to make a living. They often have much in common; leaving family and friends behind and being exposed to a new puzzling culture. But there’s one thing that separates them. Often, people from the U.S. and Europe are defined as expatriates, or “expats,” while those coming from, say, Somalia or Pakistan, are branded as “immigrants.” Why is that, and what’s actually the difference, if any? According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, expatriate means someone “living in a foreign land,” while the definition of immigrant is “a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence.” But lately, there's been a debate about the terminology with some saying the definitions are outdated and today more symbolize privilege, race and socioeconomic status. Mawuna Remarque Koutonin, who runs SiliconAfrica , recently wrote in the Guardian that it's evidence that "in the lexicon of human migration, there are still hierarchical words, created with the purpose of putting white people above everyone else.” He quoted an African migrant worker living in Europe: “I work for multinational organizations both in the private and public sectors. And being black or colored doesn’t gain me the term expat. I’m a highly qualified immigrant, as they call me, to be politically correct.” So what's the situation like in Hong Kong and Mainland China? Holing Yip, research officer of the Hong Kong Unison, an organization that advocates policy reforms to benefit disadvantaged ethnic minority residents, said the distinction between “expat” and “immigrant” cements an already destructive segregation between people. “There’s been quite a lot of buzz about these words recently and different people have different definitions. I definitely agree with the declaration that the word ‘expat’ is related to privilege. But what’s interesting is that it’s a perceived privilege―what I think when I meet or see someone; how I treat them. It’s often aligned with race and socioeconomic status.” Schools, in particular, play host to racial segregation between local, expat and immigrant children, she said, with many schools being like parallel universes. As a professional expat in Hong Kong, you may be granted permanent residency with full rights and protections after seven years. But for those hundreds of thousands of Filipino and Indonesian domestic helpers that take care of the city’s babies and scrub the bathroom floors, permanent residency is often merely a dream. Some locals fear that granting foreign domestic helpers, and their families, permanent residency would overwhelm the public systems. The expat vs. immigrant phenomena can be seen in many of those Chinese cities that attract workers and professionals from the international community. Typically, websites focusing on expats in Beijing or Shanghai display photos of white, smiley families. InterNations , the world’s largest network for people who live abroad, has almost 50,000 members in Mainland China, with most of them in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Its mission is to “make life easier for expats.” The organization’s co-founder Malte Zeeck said in an interview that the distinction between “expat” and “immigrant” is a sensitive topic but that their members are from a range of countries across the globe. Most are from the US, the UK and Germany. “What most of these people have in common is that they have higher qualifications, some kind of university degree background and that they are going abroad for a certain period of time,” he said. When traveling in China, he also noticed that members there were more likely to brand themselves as "expats" than members in Europe. An InterNations survey also showed that expats in Mainland China are less likely to befriend locals than in most other countries, possibly due to “the culture gap between expats and the local culture.” Shanghai Expat recently published an article saying that as an expat, you’ll risk “public embarrassment” by using local rather than expat-orientated hospitals. Not all agree it's a question of race. In a Wall Street Journal blog , journalist and “global nomad” Ruchika Tulshyan added more nuances to the term than just rich-white-person-moving-abroad-with-no-desire-to-integrate. “Today’s expats are from all over the world, from diverse backgrounds and with different skin colors, most with a desire to integrate within the new society they have joined,” she said. Warsaw based American journalist Andrew Kureinterth offers an alternative definition: “An immigrant is on a desperate search for a better life. An expat is on an adventure.” However you look at it, the term expat is under fire. 翻译注意事项(英译汉) 翻译步骤 第一步——翻译准备:收到原文后,先将原文从头至尾读懂、吃透;中出现的难词和难以理解的短语(尤其需要判断是否为习语);查人名、地名、机构名、作品名等专有名词的规范翻译;考虑哪些地方应该加注释( 包括但不限于以高光标记的词汇 )。 第二步——开始翻译:逐句翻译,注意准确性和与原文风格的一致。 第三步——复查翻译:逐句对照译文和原文,看有无多译或漏译的,有无翻译错误的。对该加注释的地方是否加了注释。 第四步——检查译文:通读译文,看有无逻辑不通或上下照应不到的地方,体会译文是否符合中文 / 英文的表达习惯,译文是否有读不通的地方,是否流畅。汉语规范用字、数字用法等是否已经处理好。 第五步——提交译文:全部完成后,请发给学委,无需附原文。 格式要求: 1.5 倍行距,宋体小四号字。标题字体自定。 二、注意事项 一个英语单词或短语经常有多种意思,翻译时需要仔细甄别在原文语境中的准确含义是什么。有拿不准或可疑的地方,建议查权威英汉词典,例如《阶英汉双解词典》(第 8 版,商务印书馆)、《英汉大词典》(第 2 版,上海译文出版社)、《布莱克法律词典》等。 英语习语 :英语习语有一个总体的意思,而不是其构成单词意思的简单相加。凡遇见一串词语、意思按常规理解不通时,就要怀疑是不是英语习语,进而查找权威的英语词典来确定。 专有名词翻译标准: A 普通英美人名 参考《英语姓名译名手册》(第四版,商务印书馆); B 非英语人名 参考《世界人名翻译大辞典》(对外翻译出版公司); C 名人名 按照约定俗成的译法进行翻译,可参考《辞海》(第六版,上海辞书出版社)等权威参考书或可信的网站; E 地名 参考《外国地名译名手册》(商务印书馆); F 商标名 、公司名等按照官方网站的译名进行翻译。 国家、地区、国际组织、外国领导人的译名可参考新或外交部网站资料。 英译中时,注意有中文名字的外国人的译名要用其中文名字,例如 John King Fairbank (汉学家) /Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳(英国戏剧家) /Adam Sliver ( NBA 总裁)。 外国人名译名的内部需要分隔的,中译名后用中圆点(·)间隔,缩写字母后用下脚点( . ) 间隔,例如:安东尼·吉登斯 / 查尔斯·B.达文波特。 科技名词的翻译可参考科技名词审定委员会公布的译名: www.cnctst.cn 。 注意译文要符合中文的语言表达习惯,避免欧化的句子,避免句子层层堆叠、文理不通。 规范用字(括号中为错误的):想象( * 想像),其他( * 其它),待上几天( * 呆上几天),身份( * 身分),名分( * 名份),账户( * 帐户),唯一( * 惟一),等等。可参考《现代汉语词典》(第 6 版,商务印书馆)。 中文引文的翻译:如果引文最初来源为中文作品或出自中国人之口(即出口转内销的),务必查找到最初的出处,给出恰当的翻译。例如引用《论语》等的话。 标点符号:译文的标点符号根据译文文字的需要添加,不要完全照搬原文的标点符号。例如,原文用了破折号(—)的,译文可以灵活换用逗号等。 引文标点符号的配合使用。“说”“道”位于引文之前用冒号,位于引文之后并居于句末时用句号,位于引文之后但后面还有其他成分时用逗号,插入话语之间时后面用逗号,例如: A 杰克说 : “我不知道标点符号怎么用 。 ” B “标点符号怎么用我不是太懂 。 ”杰克说 。 C “标点符号的用法问题 , (这一句话没说逗号) ”杰克说,“我只知道一星半点儿。” D “玛丽知道标点符号怎么用 。 (这一句话说完了用句号) ”杰克说,“她答应抽空教教我。” E 玛丽说教会杰克用标点符号“比登天还难 ”。 (只引用话语的一小部分) E “标点符号我就是搞不明白......”杰克说 , 表情有点为难。 数字用法。出现 1980s 的英文,对应的中文可以翻译成“ 20 世纪 80 年代”或“ 1980 年代”均可,篇内一致。 二十几人( *20 几人, 带“几”表示约数的必须用汉字 ),四五个( * 四、五个, 数字连用表示约数的必须用汉字,中间不能加顿号 ),五千( *5 千, “万”“亿”前面可以用数字,“千”一般不可以 )。 除国家标准规定必须用阿拉伯数字或必须用汉字的除外,一至十的数字一般用汉字, 11 以上的数字用阿拉伯数字,要做到统一,例如: “上山后的第3天她就失踪了,第15天人们才找到她。”