Broadly speaking, there are two types of neuroethical problems. In the first category are the ethical problems raised by advances in brain structure & function, cognitive science, behavior science, functional neuroimaging, neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychopharmacology & neuropharmacology, brain implants, neurogenetics, neuropathology, & brain-machine interfaces. In the second category are the ethical problems raised by our growing understanding of the neural bases of behavior, personality, consciousness, & states of spiritual transcendence.