Questions 下列各are based on the following passage. There was a time not long ago when new science Ph. D. s in the United States were expected topursue a career path in academ/a (学术界).But today, most graduates end up working outsideacademia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, and patentlaw. partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but theres also a rising awareness ofcareer options that Ph.D. scientists havent trained for directly—but for which they have usefulknowledge, skills, and experience. Still, theres a huge disconnect between the way we currently trainscientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramaticimprovements in training programs to help close the gap, One critical step that could help to drive changewould be to require Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan(IDP). In 2002, the U. S. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that everypostdoctoral researcher put together an IDP in consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academicinstitutions have begun to require IDPs for postdocs. And in June, the U. S. National Institutes of Health(NIH) Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommended that the NIH require IDPs for theapproximately 32,000 postdoctoral researchers they support. Other funding agencies, public and private,are moving in a similar direction. IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specific goals forthe employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicit tool to help themunderstand their own abilities and aspirations, determine career possibilities , and set ( usually short-term)goals. In science, graduate students and new Ph.D. scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate aneffective career path. A free Web application for this purpose, called myIDP, has become available this week. Its designed to guide early-career scientists through a confidential,,rigorous process of introspection (内省) to create acustomized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from a panel of science-focused career advisers,each trainees self-assessment is used to rank a set of career trajectories (轨迹). After the user hasidentified a long-term career goal, myIDP walks her or him through the process of setting short-term goalsdirected toward accumulating new skills and experiences important for that career choice. Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additional resourcesto help them identify a long-term career path and complete an IDP. Thus, myIDP will be most effective.when its embedded in larger career-development efforts. For example, universities could incorporate IDPsinto their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-termcareer goals. What do we learn about new science Ph.D. s in the United States today?