【图片】Ionic solids tend to be very stable compounds. The enthalpies of formation of the ionic molecules cannot alone account for this stability. These compounds have an additional stability due to the lattice energy of the solid structure. However, lattice energy cannot be directly measured. The Born-Haber cycle allows us to understand and determine the lattice energies of ionic solids. The Born-Haber Cycle is essentially Hess's Law applied to an ionic solid. Hess's Law states that:
A.
The dissociation of a compound is always an endothermic process .
B.
the heat of formation of a compound may be positive or negative
C.
The overall change in energy of a process can be determined by breaking the process down into steps , then adding the changes in energy of each step .
D.
Sublimation energy, the energy required to cause a change of phase from solid to gas, by passing the liquid phase. has always a positive value