The period from 1780 to the Civil War was marked by a tremendous increase in the number of higher-education institutions, the rise of the state university, the creation of scientific and technological schools and departments, and the beginning of higher education for women. Of the 182 permanent colleges founded before the Civil War, 17 were in Ohio, 16 in Pennsylvania, and 15 in New York. West of the Mississippi River the fast permanent colleges founded were St Louis University, 1818, and the College of Louisiana (now called Centenary College), 1825 in the Northwest, Williamette University, Oregon, 1842 and in the Southwest, California Wesleyan College (now College of the Pacific), 18 How many permanent colleges were established before the Civil War?